Where, fc carrier frequency a maximum value of unmodulated signal. If the baseband signal is bandlimited, then there is a. Spectrum analysis amplitude and frequency modulation keysight. Or the process of modulation can be defined as varying the rf carrier wave in accordance with the intelligence or information in a low frequency signal. Amplitude modulation definition, types, solved examples. Quadrature amplitude modulation an overview sciencedirect. Each radio station is assigned 200 khz, to transmit a stereo audio. To study different amplitude modulation scheme to study generation and detection of am signals to study application of am double sideband suppressed carrier dsbsc modulation double sideband large carrier dsblc modulation. A continuouswave goes on continuously without any intervals and it is the baseband message signal, which contains the information. Am is cheap, low complexity, low quality used for commercial broadcasting of both audio and video signals. Amplitude modulation is mostly used in the form of electronic communication.
Pdf communication systems a lecture notes by mahesh lohith. When the modulation signal occurs, the ac voltage across the secondary of the modulation transformer will be added to and subtracted from the collector supply voltage. After continuous wave modulation, the next division is pulse modulation. It is a modulation system in which the signal is sampled at regular intervals and each sample is made proportional to the amplitude of the signal at the instant of sampling.
We consider binary modulation schemes and multilevel modulation schemes here. By comparison, a typical fm carrier is 100 mhz, with a wavelength of 3 meters, and would have an 80 cm long antenna that is 31. Lecture notes on analogue communication techniques 1. Amplitude modulation we will start our study of communications systems by first analyzing the am method of communicating signals. For a perfect modulation, the value of modulation index should be 1, which implies the percentage of modulation should be 100%. The amplitude modulation and frequency modulation are graphically shown in. Amplitude modulation questions, amplitude modulation notes. Amplitude modulation is a very basic form of modulation, and although its simplicity is one of its major advantages, other more sophisticated systems provide a number of advantages. Frequency modulation is a type of angle modulation. Pulse amplitude modulation is the basic form of pulse modulation. Amplitude modulation is a process by which the wave signal is transmitted by modulating the amplitude of the signal. Chapter amplitude modulation and demodulation, ppt, adc. Introduction am modulation is a process of changing amplitude of carrier in proportion with amplitude of information signal. Naturally, the amplitude of the current pulses through transistor q1 will vary.
Pdf chapter 3 chapter 3 amplitude modulation amplitude. The left and right channels each limited to 15khz are multiplexed into a single baseband signal using amplitude modulation using frequency modulation to shift the baseband. In this note, two examples are presented to illustrate the use of a multiplier to make an amplitude modulator, and to make a frequency doubler. Or modulation is defined as the precess by which some characteristics, usually amplitude, frequency or phase, of a carrier is varied in. Modulation is a process by which some characteristics of the carrier signal like its amplitude, frequency or phase are varied in proportion to message signal. The idea is simple, though the notion that it can be used to modulate signals for transmission was hardly obvious before its discovery.
Emphasis is placed on explaining the tradeoffs that are made to optimize efficiencies in system design. Note how the shape of the am signal is quite distinctive. That could be the amplitude, phase, or frequency, which result in amplitude modulation am, phase modulation pm, or frequency modulation fm. Introduction in chapters 1 and 2 you studied how to apply intelligence modulation to an rfcarrier wave. Message signal embed into the amplitude of carrier simple am is also called. Broadcast in medium and high frequency bands aircraft communication in vhf band tv broadcast and longdistance telephony. We can choose the signal constellation such that the amplitude is the same for all signal alternatives, by placing the signal vectors on a circle in the signal space. The two most common forms of amplitude modulation use either a complex carrier or a single sinusoidal carrier. The maximum and minimum values of the envelope of the modulated wave are represented by a max and a min respectively. This approach is called angle modulation, and includes frequency modulation fm and phase modulation pm. Amplitude modulation is an increase or decrease of the carrier voltage ec, will all other factors remaining constant. Both modulated carriers are summed to result in a signal with amplitude and phase modulation. In this chapter, let us discuss the following analog pulse modulation techniques.
Modulation for analog communication yao wang, 2006 ee3414. Amplitude modulation chapter 3 objectives at the conclusion of this chapter, the reader will be able to. In particular, we discuss amplitude and frequency modulation. Vestigial sideband amplitude modulation vsbam is a modulation that improves the spectral e. The carrier frequency, fc, should be larger than the highest spectral component. We use modulation technique to alter signals in time and frequency to accomplish desired objectives. Amplitude modulation can be carried out by linearly combining the carrier and intelligence signals then applying the result to a nonlinear component or circuit. We discuss discrete changes in the characteristics of the carrier digital modulation in 14. The demodulator is the circuit, or for a software defined radio, the software that is used to recover the information content from the overall incoming modulated signal. Phase modulation phase modulation is a change in the carrier phase angle.
It is often called as am and is commonly used in transmitting a piece of information through a radio carrier wave. This application note introduces the concepts of digital modulation used in many communications systems today. Phase modulation is another type of angle modulation very similar to frequency modulation. The basic theory and equations behind amplitude modulation are relatively straightforward and can be handled using straightforward trigonometric calculations and manipulation. Demonstration with professor sandy hill from the university of massachusetts at amherst. Each unique message signal has a different assigned carrier frequency e.
The components of each carrier are called inphase and quadrature. In the case of amplitude modulation am, the modulated oscillation vector is always in phase with the carrier field while its length oscillates with the modulation frequency. Any baseband signal can be broken up into a weighted sum of sinusoids using fourier decomposition chapter. Winter 2003 uw, ece 318 lecture notes 7 amplitude modulation am ch. In modulation, one characteristic of a signal generally a sinusoidal wave known as the carrier is changed based on the information signal that we wish to transmit modulating signal. Modulation is the process of superimposing a low frequency signal on a high frequency carrier signal. Failure to accurately recover this intelligence will result in distortion and degradation of the demodulated signal and intelligence will be lost. The process of demodulation for signals using amplitude modulation can be achieved in a number of different techniques, each of which has its own advantage. Amplitude modulation am is the process in which the amplitude of the carrier signal is varied in accordance with the information signal. In this modulation, the signal is sampled at regular intervals and each sample is made proportional to the amplitude of the modulating signal. Most communications systems fall into one of three categories.
Bpsk, qpsk, msk frequency shift keying, fsk quadrature amplitude modulation, qam. May 09, 2020 chapter amplitude modulation and demodulation, ppt, adc, semester, engineering computer science engineering cse notes edurev is made by best teachers of computer science engineering cse. There is no over modulation means that modulation index is less than or equal to 1. Amplitude modulation a1 53 experiment aligning the model the low frequency term at to generate a voltage defined by eqn. Amplitude modulation refers to the process in which amplitude of the carrier wave is varied with the message signal. The envelope contains residue amplitude modulation and therefore varies with time. This document is highly rated by computer science engineering cse students and has been viewed 2878 times.
A carrier wave, after being modulated, if the modulated level is calculated, then such an attempt is called as modulation index or modulation depth. These two signals, usually sinusoidal functions such as sine and cosine, are 90 degrees out of phase with each other and are therefore called quadrature carriers. Each part may be of any convenient amplitude at the input to an adder. This part of the lab will demonstrate the use of an ota op amp to provide low level amplitude modulation. There are two reasons why frequencydivision multiplexing works. If the unmodulated carrier signal is represented by. To investigate amplitude modulated signal in the time domain and the frequency domain. The original waveform amplitude is quantized with a resulting loss of information. Among the types of modulation techniques, the main classification is continuouswave modulation and pulse modulation. Analog communications 2 outline baseband communication. No information is lost, but the energy is redistributed in the frequency domain. Pdf analog communication system pdf notes ac notes sw.
Accordingly it is worth looking at some of the disadvantages of amplitude modulation. Commercial broadcast stations use this type and it is commonly known as jus t amplitude modulation am. The pulse may take any real voltage value that is proportional to the value of the original waveform. Amplitude modulation early radio ee 442 spring semester. Pulse amplitude modulation pulse amplitude modulation is a technique in which the amplitude of each pulse is controlled by the instantaneous amplitude of the modulation signal. The continuous wave modulation techniques are further divided into amplitude modulation and angle modulation. Amplitude modulation can be accomplished by multiplying the carrier sine wave by a gain or attenuation factor that varies in accordance with the intelligence signal 2. The continuous wave modulation techniques are further divided into amplitude modulation and angle modulation a continuouswave goes on continuously without any intervals and it is the baseband message signal, which contains the information. Dec 05, 2014 amplitude modulation the amplitude of the carrier is changed in accordance with the instantaneous value of modulating signal carrier. Carrier modulation allows the transmission of modulating frequencies without the use of transmission wire as a medium. Application note 0218 modulation analysis 1 modulation analysis in artemis suite1 modulation analysis of artemis suite delivers the envelope spectra of partial bands of an analyzed signal. What is amplitude modulation, am electronics notes. Introduction to communication system, need for modulation, frequency division multiplexing, amplitude modulation, definition, time domain and frequency domain description. According to the standard definition, the amplitude of the carrier signal varies in accordance with the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal.
Before we study in detail about pam lets know the concepts of modulation. Amplitude modulation amplitude modulation is a technique which uses a low frequency signal to control the amplitude of a highfrequency signal. In amplitude modulation, the amplitude signal strength of the carrier wave is varied in proportion to that of the message signal being transmitted. As given is the problem the modulation is sinusoidal this is also called tone modulation.
Double sideband large carrier dsblc modultion for general message signal mt. Spectrum analyzer driverinterface circuit is the modulation level at 50% as calculated from the frequency domain display and is the inband second order product at an acceptable level. Mary quadrature amplitude modulation mqam is a modulation scheme that conveys data by modulating the data transmission onto the amplitude via two carrier signals. The distortion may be in amplitude, frequency, or phase, depending on the nature of the demodulator. Ee3 lab 1 amplitude modulation and demodulation broadcast analog television tv signals have a bandwidth of approximately 6mhz and this is achieved with a quadrature modulation.
The general form of a sinusoidal signal can be written as ft. This allows to determine the frequency, strength and change over time of amplitude modulations in a signal. Learn various types of amplitude and frequency modulation methods from modulation degree and sideband amplitude, zero span and markers and more. The time dependence of its projection onto the real axis gives the signal strength as drawn to the right of the corresponding phasor diagram. When an amplitude modulated signal is created, the amplitude of the signal is varied in line with the variations in intensity of the sound wave. It states the level of modulation that a carrier wave undergoes. Rc audio generator, oscilloscope, and spectrum analyzer demonstrations with speech and radio. Types of modulation 6 flynnkatz 7810 analog modulation amplitude modulation, am frequency modulation, fm double and single sideband, dsb and ssb digital modulation phase shift keying. Angle modulation changes the phase of a signal as well as its amplitude, where amplitude modulation leaves the phase unchanged. Chapter 3 chapter 3 amplitude modulation amplitude modulation. May 26 notes 6483 views 4 comments on amplitude modulation amplitude modulation in process of amplitude modulation the amplitude of the carrier is varied in proportional to the instantaneous value of the baseband signal with the frequency and phase of the carrier remaining constant. Pulse amplitude modulation pam theory of and its applications. Communication systems a lecture notes by mahesh lohith k.
Analog communication pulse modulation tutorialspoint. This varying supply voltage is applied to the class c amplifier. Of all the methods of impressing information onto a carrier signal, am is the oldest. In pulse amplitude modulation pam technique, the amplitude of the pulse carrier varies, which is proportional to the instantaneous amplitude of the message signal. Complete notes download link ac notes analog communication pdf free download unit i introduction.
The message signal is, for example, a function of the sound to be reproduced by a. There are many ways in which amplitude modulation can be generated and a variety of circuits that can be used. Amplitude modulation, spectrum of am signal, the balanced modulator, the square law demodulator, dsbsc, ssbsc and vsb, their methods of generation and demodulation, carrier. Multipliers are often used for signal processing applications. Frequency modulation frequency modulation is a change in the carrier frequency fc with all other factors remaining constant. Essentially an amplitude modulated wave consists of a radio frequency carrier a sine wave at one frequency, typically in the radio frequency portion of the spectrum. The singlesided spectrum of the modulated signal replicates the baseband. Am wave for k a mt for periodic sinusoidal functions results in half power. In early am transmitters the amplitude modulator circuit was a key element of the transmitter.
Amplitude modulation am is a modulation technique used in electronic communication, most commonly for transmitting information via a radio carrier wave. Transmitters that transmit amplitude modulated signals require an am modulator circuit to produce the required signal. Using amplitude modulation to shift the baseband signal fm radio 88mhz108 mhz. Which means, the amplitude of the carrier signal containing no information varies as per the amplitude of the signal containing information, at.